Difference between vspace and vspace* in LaTeX

When writing documents in LaTeX, adjusting vertical space is a common need. Many learners get confused between \vspace and \vspace*, especially when spaces disappear at the top or bottom of a page.

This tutorial clears that confusion and shows how to use both commands properly.

vspace command

The command \vspace is used to add vertical space between lines, paragraphs, or sections. It works well in the middle of a page, but at the start or end of a page, LaTeX may ignore it.

This sometimes surprises new users.

\vspace{length}

• \vspace

  The command \vspace inserts blank vertical space of the specified length. It is useful for controlling layout between elements.

• {length}

  Here, {length} is the amount of vertical space. You can use units like cm, mm, pt, or in depending on your need.

\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
This is first line.

\vspace{1cm}

This is after vertical space.
\end{document}

vspace* command

The command \vspace* is a stronger version. Unlike \vspace, it does not get ignored at the top or bottom of a page. This makes it perfect when you must ensure extra space stays visible in all positions.

\vspace*{length}

• \vspace*

  The command \vspace* forces the vertical space even in places where LaTeX would normally remove it, like page breaks. It guarantees consistent spacing.

• {length}

  Here, {length} again specifies the size of the space. Using \vspace*{2cm} at the beginning of a page will keep the space visible.

\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
\vspace*{2cm}
This line will appear after forced space at the top.
\end{document}

Negative spacing

Both \vspace and \vspace* also accept negative values. This reduces the gap instead of adding. It is helpful when you need to pull text closer, but should be used carefully to avoid overlapping.

\vspace{-length}

• {-length}

  The negative sign before {length} shrinks vertical distance. For example, \vspace{-5mm} will move the following line 5 millimeters up.

\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
First line of text.

\vspace{-5mm}

This text is pulled up closer.
\end{document}

Using vfill

Another related approach is \vfill, which spreads flexible space across the page.

It is different from fixed \vspace but often used for balancing content vertically. It pushes text to the bottom or centers it in the page.

\vfill

• \vfill

  The command \vfill creates stretchable vertical space. It expands or contracts automatically to fill the remaining page height.

\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Top text
\vfill
Bottom text
\end{document}

Best Practice

When you just want simple extra space between items, \vspace is usually enough.

But if your space disappears at the start or end of a page, then \vspace* is the safer choice.

For flexible layout, mixing \vspace with \vfill often gives the best results. Always measure spacing carefully to keep your document neat and professional.

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